The PDG allows transformations such as vectorization, that previously required special treatment of control dependence, to be performed in a manner that is uniform for both control and data dependences. Since dependences in the PDG connect computationally related parts of the program, a single walk of these dependences is sufficient to perform many optimizations. Many traditional optimizations operate more efficiently on the PDG. Control dependences are derived from the usual control flow graph. Control dependences are introduced to analogously represent only the essential control flow relationships of a program. Data dependences have been used to represent only the relevant data flow relationships of a program. In this paper we present an intermediate program representation, called the program dependence graph (PDG), that makes explicit both the data and control dependences for each operation in a program. This abstraction is a step towards control of the cost and complexity of formal verification of EVM smart contracts. We structure bytecode sequences into blocks of straight-line code and create a program logic to reason about these. In this paper we extend an existing EVM formalisation in Isabelle/HOL by a sound program logic at the level of bytecode. Formal verification can provide the highest level of confidence about the correct behaviour of smart contracts. ![]() Errors in smart contracts have led and will lead to loss or harm. ![]() Smart contracts can carry financial value, and are increasingly used for safety-, security-, or mission-critical purposes. These smart contracts run on the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) and can be used to encode agreements, transfer assets, and enforce integrity conditions in relationships between parties. The Ethereum blockchain offers smart contracts, which are small programs defined, executed, and recorded as transactions in the blockchain transaction history. Blockchain technology has increasing attention in research and across many industries.
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